科学者が世界最古の作物の起源を特定

KIT の Wild Vine Database を使用した国際的な調査により、ブドウの起源が明らかになりました。

グレープバインは、世界で最も古い作物の 1 つとして長い歴史を持っています。 ブドウから作られるワインは、世界的に取引される最も初期の製品の 1 つであり、文化、思想、宗教の交換において重要な役割を果たしました。 氷河期の終わりに、ブドウの木はヨーロッパの野生のブドウの木から生まれました。 今日、この野生のブドウの木の遺物はわずかしか残っていません。そのうちの 1 つが、カールスルーエとマンハイムの間のライン川沿いのケッチュ半島にあります。

野生のブドウの栽培化の正確な起源と何千ものブドウの品種の進化は、先史時代に失われた謎に包まれたままです. しかし、グレープバインは重大な気候変動を乗り越え、初期の人間の移動を通じてアジアから遺伝物質を獲得したことが知られています. それでも、ワイン生産に使用されるブドウと食用ブドウの起源が同じかどうかという問題は未解決のままです。

「数年前から、今日のシルクロードはかつてワイン街道だったことが知られています。 アルコールの中国のシンボルは、グルジアのワイン ジョッキ、いわゆるケヴリに由来します」と、KIT のジョセフ ゴットリーブ ケルロイター植物科学研究所 (JKIP) のピーター ニック教授は説明します。 ブドウのゲノムを決定するための以前のプロジェクトで中国の研究者とすでに協力していたニックは、以前のシルクロードに沿ってブドウを収集し、それらのゲノムを分析することを提案しました.

グレープバインの進化と家畜化のこれまでで最も詳細なモデル

ニックのアイデアは、16 カ国からの研究者のネットワークを生み出しました。[{” attribute=””>species from their regions but also knowledge of their origin and history. Under most difficult circumstances resulting from the global political situation, DNA samples of more than 3500 vines, including more than 1000 wild species, were sent to the State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources of Yunnan Agricultural University.

There, the genomes were decoded under the direction of Dr. Wei Chen and the most detailed model of the evolution and domestication of grapevines so far was generated. As a result, a number of new findings have been obtained. Now, the origin of winegrowing can be dated back to earlier than 11,000 B.C. in the South Caucasus. This means that wine is older than bread. Winegrowing technology very quickly spread across the Mediterranean to the west.

Within the shortest terms, cross-breeding with local wild vines produced a large variety of vines that were reproduced using cuttings. About 7000 years ago in the Middle East, large-berry species developed into table vines.

Domestication was accompanied by climatic changes, i.e. the end of the Ice Age, as well as by the warm and moist Atlantic, a climate period between 8000 and 4000 B.C. The resulting human migration movements left their traces in the genome of the vines. Medieval vines in Southwest Germany, for instance, contain genes of vines from Azerbaijan and Central Asia.

KIT’s Collection of Wild Vines Helps Unveil Grapevine Evolution

KIT did not only contribute the idea underlying this genome project but also to its globally unique collection of European wild vines and very old medieval species that had been deemed to be extinct until a few years ago.

“Search for the different grapevines was very thrilling,” Nick says. “Many vines came from the Magarach collection on Crimea. After Russian annexation in 2014, Ukrainian researchers fled and are now distributed all over the world, as are the vines.”

Nick located his colleagues in Russian-speaking social networks and brought them in contact with the Chinese research team. The genome project does not only shed light on the history of grapevine but also is relevant to the future, he says. “We have not only documented the entire biodiversity of species but now possess all the genetic information for more specific use.”

Within the Interreg Upper Rhine Project KliWiReSSe, climate resilience genes from wild vines are crossed with presently grown vines to make them more resilient against the impacts of climate change.

Reference: “Dual domestications and origin of traits in grapevine evolution” by Yang Dong, Shengchang Duan, Qiuju Xia, Zhenchang Liang, Xiao Dong, Kristine Margaryan, Mirza Musayev, Svitlana Goryslavets, Goran Zdunić, Pierre-François Bert, Thierry Lacombe, Erika Maul, Peter Nick, Kakha Bitskinashvili, György Dénes Bisztray, Elyashiv Drori, Gabriella De Lorenzis, Jorge Cunha, Carmen Florentina Popescu, Rosa Arroyo-Garcia, Claire Arnold, Ali Ergül, Yifan Zhu, Chao Ma, Shufen Wang, Siqi Liu, Liu Tang, Chunping Wang, Dawei Li, Yunbing Pan, Jingxian Li, Ling Yang, Xuzhen Li, Guisheng Xiang, Zijiang Yang, Baozheng Chen, Zhanwu Dai, Yi Wang, Arsen Arakelyan, Varis Kuliyev, Gennady Spotar, Nabil Girollet, Serge Delrot, Nathalie Ollat, Patrice This, Cécile Marchal, Gautier Sarah, Valérie Laucou, Roberto Bacilieri, Franco Röckel, Pingyin Guan, Andreas Jung, Michael Riemann, Levan Ujmajuridze, Tekle Zakalashvili, David Maghradze, Maria Höhn, Gizella Jahnke, Erzsébet Kiss, Tamás Deák, Oshrit Rahimi, Sariel Hübner, Fabrizio Grassi, Francesco Mercati, Francesco Sunseri, José Eiras-Dias, Anamaria Mirabela Dumitru, David Carrasco, Alberto Rodriguez-Izquierdo, Gregorio Muñoz, Tamer Uysal, Cengiz Özer, Kemal Kazan, Meilong Xu, Yunyue Wang, Shusheng Zhu, Jiang Lu, Maoxiang Zhao, Lei Wang, Songtao Jiu, Ying Zhang, Lei Sun, Huanming Yang, Ehud Weiss, Shiping Wang, Youyong Zhu, Shaohua Li, Jun Sheng and Wei Chen, 2 March 2023, Science.
DOI: 10.1126/science.add8655