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チマネ族やモセテン族など、ボリビアの低地にある先住民族のコミュニティでは、最適なレベルの食物消費と運動が行われているため、心臓病や脳疾患の発生率が最も低くなっています。 新しい研究によると、これらのコミュニティのライフスタイルは、毎日の運動と豊富な食物のバランスをとっており、健康な脳の老化と病気のリスクの軽減に貢献しています。
ボリビア低地の熱帯雨林に住む先住民コミュニティは、記録された科学史上、心臓病と脳疾患の発生率が最も低いことを報告しています。 現在、USC がチマネ族とモセテン族のコミュニティで実施した調査によると、食物摂取と身体活動のバランスの取れた組み合わせが、健康的な脳の老化を最大化し、病気の可能性を減らすことができることが示されています。
この研究は最近ジャーナルに掲載されました 米国科学アカデミーの議事録.
工業化の到来は、食料の入手可能性の増加、身体的負担の軽減、医療アクセスの改善など、多くの利点をもたらしました。 しかし、私たちの現在の生活様式は、運動不足や食物の過剰摂取にもつながり、肥満の増加につながっています。 残念なことに、この座りっぱなしのライフスタイルと肥満は、脳の体積の減少と認知機能の急速な低下に関連しています。
豊かさと安らぎが健康を害し始める転換点をよりよく理解するために、研究者は 40 歳から 94 歳のチマネ族とモセテン族の成人 1,165 人を登録し、CT スキャン機器を備えた遠隔地の村から最寄りの病院までの交通手段を参加者に提供しました。
チマネの人々は、心臓と脳の病気の発生率が世界で最も低い地域の 1 つです。 クレジット: チマネの健康と生活史プロジェクト チーム
チームは CT スキャンを使用して、年齢ごとに脳の体積を測定しました。 彼らはまた、参加者の体格指数、血圧、総コレステロール、およびエネルギーと全体的な健康の他のマーカーを測定しました.
研究者は、チマネ族とモセテン族は、米国とヨーロッパの工業化された人口と比較して、脳の萎縮が少なく、心臓血管の健康状態が改善されていることを発見しました. 加齢に伴う脳萎縮、つまり脳の縮小の割合は、認知症などの変性疾患のリスクと相関しています。[{” attribute=””>Alzheimer’s.
“The lives of our pre-industrial ancestors were punctured by limited food availability,” said Andrei Irimia, an assistant professor of gerontology, biomedical engineering, quantitative/computational biology, and neuroscience at the USC Leonard Davis School of Gerontology and co-corresponding author of the study. “Humans historically spent a lot of time exercising out of necessity to find food, and their brain aging profiles reflected this lifestyle.”
The Mosetén: A bridge between pre- and post-industrialized societies
The findings also illustrated key differences between the two Indigenous societies. The Mosetén are a “sister” population to the Tsimané in that they share similar languages, ancestral history, and a subsistence lifestyle. However, the Mosetén have more exposure to modern technology, medicine, infrastructure, and education.
“The Mosetén serve as an important intermediary population that allows us to compare a wide spectrum of lifestyle and health care factors. This is more advantageous than a straight comparison between the Tsimané and the industrialized world,” Irimia said.
Irimia said that, along this continuum, the Mosetén showed better health than modern populations in Europe and North America — but not as good as that of the Tsimané.
Among the Tsimané, surprisingly, BMI and somewhat higher levels of “bad cholesterol” were associated with bigger brain volumes for age. This, however, may be due to individuals being more muscular, on average, than individuals in industrialized countries who have comparable BMIs.
Still, both the Tsimané and Mosetén come closer to the “sweet spot,” or balance between daily exertion and food abundance, that the authors think may be key to healthy brain aging.
The future of preventative medicine relies on an understanding of humans’ evolutionary past
The study’s authors explained that people living in societies with abundant food and little requirement for physical activity face a conflict between what they consciously know is best for their health and the cravings, or drives, that come from our evolutionary past.
“During our evolutionary past, more food and less calories spent in getting it resulted in improved health, well-being and ultimately higher reproductive success or Darwinian fitness,” notes Hillard Kaplan, a professor of health economics and anthropology at Chapman University who has studied the Tsimané for nearly two decades. “This evolutionary history selected for psychological and physiological traits that made us desirous of extra food and less physical work, and with industrialization, those traits lead us to overshoot the mark.”
According to Irimia, the best place to be in terms of brain health and risk for disease is the “sweet spot” where the brain is being provided with neither too little nor too much food and nutrients, and where you have a vigorous amount of exercise.
“This ideal set of conditions for disease prevention prompts us to consider whether our industrialized lifestyles increase our risk of disease,” he said.
Reference: “Brain volume, energy balance, and cardiovascular health in two nonindustrial South American populations” by Hillard Kaplan, Paul L. Hooper, Margaret Gatz, Wendy J. Mack, E. Meng Law, Helena C. Chui, M. Linda Sutherland, James D. Sutherland, Christopher J. Rowan, L. Samuel Wann, Adel H. Allam, Randall C. Thompson, David E. Michalik, Guido Lombardi, Michael I. Miyamoto, Daniel Eid Rodriguez, Juan Copajira Adrian, Raul Quispe Gutierrez, Bret A. Beheim, Daniel K. Cummings, Edmond Seabright, Sarah Alami, Angela R. Garcia, Kenneth Buetow, Gregory S. Thomas, Caleb E. Finch, Jonathan Stieglitz, Benjamin C. Trumble, Michael D. Gurven and Andrei Irimia, 20 March 2023, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2205448120
The study was funded by the National Institute on Aging, the National Science Foundation, and the French National Research Agency – Investissements d’Avenir.
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